Carbon dioxide is the gas that gives fizzy drinks their fizz and it is the main component of the latest cosmetic surgery craze, carboxytherapy. Carbon dioxide is injected below the skin and is said to help combat dark circles under the eyes, reduce fat in the area, tighten the skin, and help remove stretch marks.

Carboxytherapy is said to work by helping to dilate blood vessels in the local area. This in turn helps to boost the flow of blood and oxygen to the skin which then helps to nourish and regenerate the skin cells. It is also claimed that deeper injections can help to kill off fat cells.

And it isn’t just the face where carboxytherapy is being used. Carbon dioxide jabs can also be used to help cure baldness. The injections are said to reopen closed pores making it easier for hair to start regrowing.

If it all sounds a bit crazy, there is some science behind the carbon dioxide injections. Similar techniques have been used in France since the 1930s to help treat patients suffering from poor circulation, blocked arteries and heart problems. The University of Siena has also recently published articles showing that the injections may help to smooth skin and reduce fat thanks to a thickening of the skin and a smoothening of cellulite.

One session costs around $200 however most practitioners recommend a course of injections over a few weeks. Patients may find that there is a small amount of bruising around the injection site and are advised not to engage in vigorous exercise for two hours after the injections, and not to have a bath for four hours.

Some Doctors will not give carboxytherapy to anyone with breathing difficulties such as asthma. Others have cautioned that there are no long-term studies showing the efficacy or long-term effects of carbon dioxide injections. Thus, with any new cosmetic surgery procedure, caution is advised.

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The dimpleplasty surgery will not give entirely natural results however. The dimples themselves will remain permanently rather than only appearing when the patient smiles.

The actual dimpleplasty surgery involves the cosmetic surgeon making a tiny cut in the skin to create a small depression. A stitch is then used to hold the underside of the skin down to a deeper layer and hold it in place, creating the dimple indent. Once this suture dissolves, permanent scar tissue should remain holding the indent in place.

Caution should be advised with this cosmetic surgery as it is relatively new and therefore there are no long-term studies over it’s efficacy or results over time. There is as yet no study showing how the dimple will age and some people are concerned that the dimple may start to look slightly peculiar as the face ages and droops slightly.

Although most of the dimple enquiries have come from women, a small number of men are also looking to have this surgery done to create a chin cleft.

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Advocates of the procedure are said to include Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie.

The dermaroller’s inventor, cosmetic surgeon Dr Michael Prager, has now extended his concept for use on the rest of the body. Whilst the dermaroller for the face uses pins which are between 0.5mm and 1.55mm long, his new dermaroller uses pins which are 3mm long. This means that the roller can be used on other areas of the body which suffer from sagging or stretch marks.

Firstly a local anaesthetic is applied to the area to be treated. The dermaroller is then rolled across the skin. The roller pieces the tiny blood vessels in the top layer of the skin – in a centimetre square, there will be around 250 tiny puncture marks. The bleeding releases platelets which helps to repair and regenerate the connective tissues and stimulates the production of collagen – the same sort of theory that is behind facial peels and laser skin procedures.

After the dermaroller has been applied to the area, topical treatments are used to help increase the positive effects. Typically, Transderm is used. Transderm is a needle-free injection system which delivers hyaluronic acid and pentapeptides into the skin. A topical cream is then applied to help stimulate collagen production further. This cream will need to be applied to the area daily for a couple of weeks after treatment.

The dermaroller system is an out-patient procedure and generally will not require an overnight stay. There will be bruising and tenderness around the treated area however painkillers will probably not be necessary.

Although the dermaroller procedure has many fans around the world, some cosmetic surgeons are not so sure about the technique as there are no clinical trials that have proved the efficacy of the treatment. There is also no guarantee that the procedure will produce the anticipated results.

However at around £500, the dermaroller is a lot cheaper than a tummy tuck and thanks to this price tag, the body Dermaroller is sure to be a popular procedure.

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The latest trend is for somatropin (also known as Genotropin) to be taken with many devotees claiming that it’s wonderful for the skin and hair – skin is said to become firmer and brighter and hair is said to become thicker. Users also claim that they sleep better and have more energy, and some even go as far as to claim that it reduces body fat and increases muscle mass.

So what exactly is somatropin? Somatropin is generally prescribed for people who are deficient in Human Growth Hormone (hGH). HGH is essential for body growth and is a substance which is produced naturally by most people. Production of hGH peaks around the age of 30 and then slowly starts to decline – for example a 20 year old will produce around 500 micrograms of hGH a day, whereas an 80 year old will produce around 25 micrograms.

Unfortunately, hGH is not a cosmetic and beauty wonder drug and there are strong side effects linked to it, including fluid retention, joint pain and diabetes amongst others. There are also no studies showing the efficacy of it’s anti-ageing properties therefore users may be taking the drug for no discernible reason.

Despite this, there is a small but growing number of devotees – with celebrities such as Courtney Love said to be fans (there are rumours that a bottle of Genotropin was found in a hotel recently vacated by the star). In most countries, hGH is a prescription-only drug therefore cosmetic devotees generally turn to the internet to buy the drug where a month’s supply typically costs around $1,200.

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Much of the trend is said to stem from Victoria Beckham. Pictures of her recently have seen her in tight black t-shirts with her nipples outlined in the top. The pictures have sparked debate over whether they are real or fake, and some people have chosen to have cosmetic surgery to get nipples like her.

Many women who are looking for nipple cosmetic surgery cite reasons that they want to improve their shape and appearance, particularly for occasions when they want to wear a t-shirt without a bra.

The term ‘nipple cosmetic surgery’ actually encompasses quite a range of different plastic surgery techniques. Some of the techniques available are:

• Nipple Lifts: Small flaps of skin around the nipple are made which then helps push it up and out
• Symmetry Surgery: Cosmetic surgery to ensure the nipples on each breast look the same
• Nipple Colour: The areola (the pigmented area around the nipple) can be evened out. The area can also be tattooed to even the colour or to change the colour.
• Inverted Nipple Correction: Some nipples can be flat or concave and refuse to protrude. This condition can interfere with breastfeeding. Cosmetic surgery can be done to correct this issue.

Naturally there are side effects associated with each of the nipple cosmetic surgery procedures. Any incisions are, of course, at a small risk of infection. The surgery can also cause the nipples to lose physical sensitivity if nerve endings are removed or damaged. A small number of women may also lose the ability to breastfeed.

The success rate of each of the cosmetic procedures will also vary. Inverted nipple surgery has quite a low long-term success rate with up to 50% of women saying that the nipples retract again within 2 months of having nipple cosmetic surgery. Weight loss or weight gain can also have a profound effect on the long-term effectiveness of the surgery.

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Gynaecomastia, the official name of man-boobs, has seen a 44 percent rise in the UK in 2008 according to the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS) making it the fifth most popular cosmetic surgery treatment for men behind nose jobs, eyelid surgery, ear corrections and liposuction.

With the collective weight of the nation continuing to increase, it comes as no surprise that both male breast reduction and liposuction are some of the most popular cosmetic surgery procedures for men.

However moobs may not just be the by-product of being overweight. Many scientists believe that the number of men with man-boobs is also due to the increasing amounts of the female hormone oestrogen in the environment. This means that oestrogen is regularly ingested as it is present in much food and drink. Scientists believe that ingesting oestrogen can cause a hormonal imbalance in some people and this can lead to the formation of surplus breast tissue.

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Many celebrities have realised that Botox alone can often lead to a false, stretched look which isn’t always particularly pleasant. To help soften the face dermal fillers are now all the rage to help plump out the face.

The ageing process sees most people lose volume from the face – first from around the eyes, then the upper cheeks, cheekbones, sides of the mouth, nose-to-mouth lines, and then the forehead and sides of the face. To help negate this ageing look, many celebrities are turning to facial fillers to help plump out their faces and make them look younger.

And there are plenty of facial fillers to choose from – Restylane, Voluma and Juvederm are arguably the most well known. Most dermal fillers are made from hyaluronic acid which naturally is present in the skin.

Facial fillers, like Botox, are temporary and need to be topped up about once a year. There is little bruising and just a small amount of swelling so the injections are very easy to hide.

The one major downside of facial fillers are that if you use too much filler, the face can end up looking over-plumped and unnatural. Partly, this occurs when human fat is used. The human body tends to use up up to 70% of what is implanted, therefore some cosmetic surgeons will inject a large proportion of filler to make up for this.

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The trend may in part thanks to the decline in the meringue dress fashion. The meringue dress could hide a multitude of sins – from a flat chest, flabby belly or chunky thighs, however as it goes out of fashion in favour of more stream-lined dresses, less flaws are able to be hid easily under the new-style dresses.

Having cosmetic surgery before the big day may help to increase the bride’s confidence in the way she looks. The most popular surgical procedures are said to be breast augmentations and liposuction.

Any bride-to-be is warned to leave enough time after the surgery to ensure they are fully recovered for the big day. Although most surgeries will take about 6 weeks to recover from, it is advisable to leave at least 3 months between the surgery and the wedding to ensure you are fully recovered and to ensure the full results are visible.

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So what exactly is a ribbon lift? Put quite simply, a rube like device is placed underneath the skin. This tube has lots of tiny hooks on it that attach itself to the muscle and tissue under the skin. When the tube is pulled up, it lifts the entire facial area.

The tube is actually called an ‘Endotine Ribbon’ device, hence why the cosmetic procedure is known as the ‘ribbon lift’. Hooks actually line just the one side of the ribbon and the whole device is made from an absorbable material which dissolves over time so once the ribbon has been ‘lifted’, no more surgery will be required to remove the device. It normally takes between 6 and 12 months for the ribbon to fully dissolve.

It should be noted that although this cosmetic surgery procedure shares similarities with the thread lift, neither the actual operation or the device used is the same.

Ribbon lifts are proving popular because there is little surgery involved hence the recovery time is very low. Also, just two small incisions are usually made so there is little scarring left from the surgery. This cosmetic surgery works best when the ribbon is placed deep to the muscle layer and fat as opposed to on top of the muscle and fat.

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South Korean job seekers are already well known for turning to plastic surgery to help give themselves the best chance of getting a job; there are also reports that Americans are also starting to go under the knife to help their job chances, and now it appears that the Chinese have now also cottoned onto this cosmetic surgery trend.

The Chinese job market is becoming increasingly competitive and many believe that if it is a choice between two candidates who have similar qualifications and experience, the most beautiful candidate is more likely to land the job. Thus, job hunters are turning to cosmetic surgery to perfect their look and therefore increase their chance of winning a job.

Similar to the Koreans, many Chinese are turning to eyelid surgery to give their eyes a more ‘Western’ look. Facelifts and nose jobs (rhinoplasty) are also very popular.

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